Implementation of the Polluter Pays Principle in Environmental Law Enforcement in Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32801/.v11i1.308Keywords:
AMDAL, Environmental Law Enforcement, Polluter PaysAbstract
This study examines the effectiveness of the Polluter Pays principle in Indonesia’s environmental law enforcement framework following the enactment of the Job Creation Law. It specifically analyzes how regulatory changes have affected the accountability of business actors for environmental pollution and damage. Using a normative juridical approach, this research reviews statutory regulations, court decisions, and legal doctrines to assess the coherence between legal norms and their implementation. The study finds that although the Polluter Pays principle is formally embedded in the Environmental Protection and Management Law, the Job Creation Law, and Government Regulation No. 22/2021, its practical enforcement remains ineffective. This research identifies a critical gap between normative regulation and enforcement, primarily driven by the shift toward risk-based licensing, which weakens environmental permitting, reduces public participation, and limits oversight capacity. As a result, environmental governance becomes increasingly administrative, enabling business actors to avoid substantive liability. This study contributes to the development of environmental law by demonstrating that regulatory simplification under the Job Creation Law has structurally undermined the operationalization of the Polluter Pays principle. It highlights the need to strengthen enforcement mechanisms, enhance institutional oversight, and ensure greater legal protection for affected communities, including Indigenous peoples, to achieve ecological justice.
References
Journal
Ainur Ridlo, Ahmad, and Imroatin Arsali. “Dinamika Penegakkan Hukum Lingkungan Di Indonesia Dalam Menghadapi Problematika Lingkungan Hidup.” Journal Presumption of Law 6, no. 2 (October 18, 2024): 140–57. https://doi.org/10.31949/jpl.v6i2.8788.
Akib, Muhammad, Agus Triono, HS Tisnanta, Fathoni Hukum, and Rodrikson Alpian Medlimo. “Application of Strict Liability Principles in Environmental Dispute Resolution.” Annals of Justice and Humanity 2, no. 2 (December 27, 2023): 65–75. https://doi.org/10.35912/ajh.v2i2.1796.
Amri, Fauzi Hadi Al. “Izin Lingkungan Dalam Kegiatan Usaha Pasca Penetapan Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 Tentang Cipta Kerja.” Bina Hukum Lingkungan 6, no. 3 (August 15, 2022): 438–52. https://doi.org/10.24970/bhl.v6i3.265.
Defril, Defril Hidayat, Arzam Arzam, and Ayu Efritadewi. “Strict Liability Pada Kebakaran Hutan Dalam Perspektif Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009.” Jurnal Selat 9, no. 1 (October 31, 2022): 73–88. https://doi.org/10.31629/selat.v9i1.4337.
Devara, Evan, Maret Priyanta, and Yulinda Adharani. “Inovasi Pendekatan Berbasis Risiko Dalam Persetujuan Lingkungan Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja.” Litra: Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan, Tata Ruang, Dan Agraria 1, no. 1 (September 13, 2021): 101–16. https://doi.org/10.23920/litra.v1i1.641.
Donny Setha. “Implementasi Hukum Lingkungan Di Indonesia: Analisis Kebijakan Dan Praktik Penegakan Hukum.” Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora Dan Politik 5, no. 2 (December 26, 2024): 1338–47. https://doi.org/10.38035/jihhp.v5i2.3555.
Fariaman Laia. “Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Terhadap Tindak Pidana Pencemaran Lingkungan Hidup.” Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Sains 2, no. 4 (April 21, 2021): 524–34. https://doi.org/10.36418/jiss.v2i4.251.
Fikri, Muhammad Ainurrasyid Al. “Implementation of Strict Liability by Companies in Cases of Environmental Damage in Indonesia: An Overview of State Administrative Law in Indonesia.” Indonesian State Law Review (ISLRev) 5, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 41–52. https://doi.org/10.15294/islrev.v5i2.47460.
Firdaus, Winda Rachmainda. “Polluter Pays Principle: Menyoal Tanggung Jawab PT Pertamina Hulu Energi Offshore North West Java (ONWJ) Atas Pencemaran Minyak Akibat Kebocoran Anjungan Lepas Di Laut Karawang.” Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia 8, no. 1 (April 20, 2022): 193–228. https://doi.org/10.38011/jhli.v8i1.363.
Handayani, Emi Puasa, Zainal Arifin, and Saivol Virdaus. “Liability Without Fault Dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Lingkungan Hidup Di Indonesia.” Adhaper: Jurnal Hukum Acara Perdata 4, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 1. https://doi.org/10.36913/jhaper.v4i2.74.
Harahap, Irawan, Riantika Pratiwi, and Yalid Yalid. “Perbandingan Mekanisme Gugatan Kelompok Masyarakat Dan Gugatan Oleh Organisasi Lingkungan Hidup.” Jurnal Karya Ilmiah Multidisiplin (JURKIM) 2, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 18–23. https://doi.org/10.31849/jurkim.v2i1.9049.
HB, Gusliana, and Mardalena Hanifah. “Pola Perlindungan Hutan Adat Terhadap Masyarakat Adat Di Provinsi Riau Pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 35/PUU-X/2012.” Jurnal Hukum Respublica 16, no. 1 (June 13, 2018): 183–200. https://doi.org/10.31849/respublica.v16i1.1435.
Ihsan, Reza Noor, and Ifrani Ifrani. “Prinsip Tanggung Jawab Mutlak Strict Liability Dalam Tindak Pidana Lingkungan.” Badamai Law Journal 3, no. 2 (August 25, 2020): 302. https://doi.org/10.32801/damai.v3i2.9059.
Jannah, Fatimah Noor, and Aminah Aminah. “Implementation of the Polluters Pays Principle in The Case Of PT. Kumai Sentosa.” International Journal of Social Science and Human Research 7, no. 06 (June 11, 2024). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v7-i06-39.
Maulana, Jalu Akbar, and Fadila Nur Annisa. “Analisa Yuridis Perubahan Makna Strict Liability Dalam Undang-Undang Lingkungan Hidup Pasca Pengesahan Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja.” Amnesti: Jurnal Hukum 6, no. 2 (August 11, 2024): 297–313. https://doi.org/10.37729/amnesti.v6i2.4935.
Maulidyna, Shafira Arizka. “Politik Hukum Lingkungan Dalam Kebijakan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan Berwawasan Lingkungan Di Indonesia.” Simbur Cahaya, December 31, 2022, 265–92. https://doi.org/10.28946/sc.v29i2.1814.
Olivia, Theresia, Ririn Breliastiti, Jeninfer, and Anthony Evan Hanjaya. “Mewaspadai Praktik Greenwashing Dalam Implementasi ESG.” Journal of Business And Entrepreneurship 12, no. 2 (February 19, 2025). https://doi.org/10.46273/5eejxq04.
Pambudhi, Hario Danang, and Ega Ramadayanti. “Menilai Kembali Politik Hukum Perlindungan Lingkungan Dalam UU Cipta Kerja Untuk Mendukung Keberlanjutan Ekologis.” Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia 7, no. 2 (September 20, 2021): 297–322. https://doi.org/10.38011/jhli.v7i2.313.
Panjaitan, Annisah Dian Utami, Novianti Novianti, and Mochammad Farisi. “Polluter Pays Principle Terkait Pertanggungjawaban Corporate PTTEP Australasia Terhadap Pencemaran Minyak Di Laut Timur Indonesia.” Uti Possidetis: Journal of International Law 2, no. 2 (June 8, 2021): 189–209. https://doi.org/10.22437/up.v2i2.11839.
Putra, Andika, and Deka Oktaviana. “Quo Vadis Hak Partisipasi Di Bidang Lingkungan: Tinjauan Terhadap Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi.” Jurnal Konstitusi 22, no. 2 (June 30, 2025): 229–59. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk2222.
Putri, Ayu Sekar Saraswati. “Pentingnya Kesadaran Hukum Pada Lingkungan Masyarakat.” De Cive : Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Pancasila Dan Kewarganegaraan 2, no. 12 (December 31, 2022). https://doi.org/10.56393/decive.v2i12.1597.
Rahma, Nabila Aulia. “Politik Hukum Tata Kelola Perizinan Lingkungan Pasca Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 Tentang Cipta Kerja.” Jurnal Hukum Lex Generalis 3, no. 11 (November 29, 2022): 892–911. https://doi.org/10.56370/jhlg.v3i11.337.
Rahmawati, Isna, I Gusti Ayu Ketut Rachmi Handayani, and Fatma Ulfatun Najicha. “Pengaturan Ketentuan Sanksi Administratif Lingkungan Hidup Berdasarkan Perubahan Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja Di Kota Surakarta.” Jurnal Discretie 6, no. 2 (July 21, 2025): 58. https://doi.org/10.20961/jd.v6i2.99396.
Ramadhan, Muh Rifqy, and Salmi Salmi. “Penerapan Asas Pencemar Membayar Dalam Kasus Lingkungan Hidup Dengan Menggunakan Pendekatan Keadilan Restoratif.” Jurnal To Ciung : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 4, no. 2 (August 18, 2024): 48–59. https://doi.org/10.64078/tociung.v4i2.2872.
Rasyidi, Brahmantiyo, Gunawan Nachrawi, and Juwita Juwita. “Asas Pertanggungjawaban Mutlak (Strict Liability) Dalam Penuntutan Tindak Pidana Lingkungan Oleh Korporasi.” HUMANIORUM 1, no. 02 (April 15, 2023): 41–47. https://doi.org/10.37010/hmr.v1i02.13.
Sahala, Aryanto Renaldi. “Penerapan Asas Pencemar Membayar.” Jurnal Hukum To-Ra : Hukum Untuk Mengatur Dan Melindungi Masyarakat 8, no. 2 (August 25, 2022): 209–16. https://doi.org/10.55809/tora.v8i2.125.
Samudera, Regina Sapta. “The Implementasi Kebijakan UU Cipta Kerja Dalam Tata Kelola Ketenagakerjaan, Lingkungan, Dan Perizinan Berusaha Berbasis Risiko Di Indonesia Pasca-Pandemi.” Development Policy and Management Review (DPMR), July 3, 2025, 68–80. https://doi.org/10.61731/dpmr.v5i1.44206.
Sidauruk, Averin Dian Boruna. “Interdependensi Kewenangan Pemerintah Daerah Dengan Otonomi Daerah Dalam Perlindungan Dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Di Indonesia.” Neoclassical Legal Review: Journal of Law and Contemporary Issues 4, no. 1 (May 9, 2025): 11–19. https://doi.org/10.32734/nlrjolci.v4i1.20190.
Siregar, Leonardo. “Penerapan Asas Pencemar Membayar Dalam Perkara Perdata Lingkungan Hidup (Studi Putusan Pengadilan Tinggi Riau Nomor 79/Pdt./2014/PTR).” JURNAL MERCATORIA 13, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 143–56. https://doi.org/10.31289/mercatoria.v13i2.3964.
Subarsyah, T. “Penegakan Hukum Pidana Dalam Menanggulangi Tindak Pidana Pencemaran Lingkungan Sungai Citarum Melalui Pendekatan Restorative Justice.” Jurnal Soshum Insentif 3, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 160–70. https://doi.org/10.36787/jsi.v3i2.264.
Sulung Nugroho, and Moh. Abdul Lathif. “RESIKO KERUSAKAN LINGKUNGAN DAN PERUBAHAN IKLIM AKIBAT PERIZINAN BERUSAHA ONLINE.” Judge : Jurnal Hukum 5, no. 01 (June 23, 2024). https://doi.org/10.54209/judge.v5i01.519.
Suryati, Siti. “Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Korporasi Dalam Tindak Pidana Lingkungan Di Wilayah Provinsi Jawa Barat Dihubungkan Dengan Upaya Pemulihan Lingkungan Hidup.” Syiar Hukum : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 16, no. 2 (November 20, 2019). https://doi.org/10.29313/sh.v16i2.5355.
Susanto, Irwan, M Nur Ikhwan, and Nugara Nugara. “Problematika Uu Cipta Kerja Dalam Implementasi Perizinan Usaha Berbasis Resiko (Risk Based Licencing).” Kajen: Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Pembangunan 6, no. 01 (October 17, 2022): 32–41. https://doi.org/10.54687/jurnalkajenv6i01.3.
Syaputri, Martika Dini. “Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Penyusunan Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan Berdasarkan UU No 32 Tahun 2009.” Varia Justicia 13, no. 2 (October 30, 2017): 123–31. https://doi.org/10.31603/variajusticia.v13i2.1886.
Tarigan, Egieta Christy, and Christine S T Kansil. “Analisis Pertanggung Jawaban Korporasi Dalam Penanggulangan Limbah: Studi Kasus 20/Pdt.G/LH/2024/PN Sby.” Journal of Education Religion Humanities and Multidiciplinary 2, no. 2 (November 30, 2024): 1341–46. https://doi.org/10.57235/jerumi.v2i2.4293.
Wibisana, Andri Gunawan. “Tentang Ekor Yang Tak Lagi Beracun: Kritik Konseptual Atas Sanksi Administratif Dalam Hukum Lingkungan Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia 6, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 41–71. https://doi.org/10.38011/jhli.v6i1.123.
Widiasih, Suprapti, Faizah Julina, and Dini Sekarsari. “Tantangan Dan Peluang Dalam Implementasi Kebijakan Lingkungan Di Pemerintahan Daerah.” Irpia : Jurnal Ilmiah Riset Dan Pengembangan, December 31, 2024, 46–51. https://doi.org/10.71040/irpia.v9i11.267.
Yanti, Aviany, and Winda Fitri. “Sanksi Pencemaran Lingkungan Hidup Dalam Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja: Studi Komparatif Negara Jepang.” Mulawarman Law Review, June 29, 2022, 31–48. https://doi.org/10.30872/mulrev.v7i1.772.
Zaenudin, Nurul, and Rochmani Rochmani. “Analysis Hukum Lingkungan Terkait Sanksi Administrasi Terhadap Ketaatan Pemrakarsa Yang Tidak Mempunyai Persetujuan Rekomendasi Lingkungan.” Jurnal Ilmiah Dinamika Hukum 23, no. 1 (May 23, 2022): 55–65. https://doi.org/10.35315/dh.v23i1.8946.
Internet
Business Indonesia. “Indonesia GDP Grows by 5.05% in 2023.” Business Indonesia, 2024. https://business-indonesia.org/news/indonesia-gdp-grows-by-5-05-in-2023?
Masitoh, Siti. “BPS: Industri Pertambangan Mengalami Kontraksi 1,23% Pada Kuartal I 2025.” Nasional Kontan, 2025. https://nasional.kontan.co.id/news/bps-industri-pertambangan-mengalami-kontraksi-123-pada-kuartal-i-2025?utm_source=chatgpt.com#google_vignette.
Tim Pikiran Rakyat. “Terdampak Efisiensi Program Citarum Harum Tersendat Sumber Artikel Berjudul " Terdampak Efisiensi Program Citarum Harum Tersendat ", Selengkapnya Dengan Link: Https://Koran.Pikiran-Rakyat.Com/News/Pr-3039062505/Terdampak-Efisiensi-Program-Citarum-Harum-Te.” Pikiran Rakyat Koran, 2025. https://koran.pikiran-rakyat.com/news/pr-3039062505/terdampak-efisiensi-program-citarum-harum-tersendat?
Peraturan Perundang-undangan
Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945
Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup (UUPPLH)
Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja (dan perubahan melalui UU No. 6 Tahun 2023)
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 22 Tahun 2021 tentang Penyelenggaraan Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup
Peraturan Presiden Nomor 14 Tahun 2007 tentang Badan Penanggulangan Lumpur Sidoarjo (BPLS)
Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (berbagai ketentuan turunan terkait AMDAL, persetujuan teknis, dan pengawasan)
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Lambung Mangkurat Law Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Section Policies
